Iraq’s journey toward and through democracy has certainly been tumultuous, marked by significant challenges and setbacks, and begs the question of whether the Iraqi people have lost faith in it. This article explores the current state of democracy in Iraq, the factors contributing to disillusionment among its citizens about democracy, and the broader implications for the country’s political future. 

Democracy is not simply holding elections and changing governments – rather, a central pillar of democracy is whether the elections themselves are free and fair. Under the Ba’athist regime, elections were held, and governments changed, but they were ultimately authoritarian governments. 

The fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 following the U.S.-led invasion was supposed to usher in a new era of democracy for Iraq. Indeed, the subsequent establishment of democratic institutions and processes, such as holding multiparty elections, marked significant milestones. Nevertheless, implementing democracy in Iraq has been fraught with difficulties, despite the drafting of a new constitution for which over 80% of Iraqis voted.

Factors contributing to disillusionment

     1. Political instability and violence: Since 2003, Iraq has faced significant political instability and violence. Sectarian conflict, the rise of extremist groups like ISIS, and ongoing insurgencies have created a volatile security environment. The constant threat of violence has clearly undermined the stability that is necessary for a functioning democracy.

     2. Corruption and governance issues: Corruption remains a pervasive problem in Iraq. Government institutions are often seen as corrupt and inefficient, leading to widespread distrust among citizens. The lack of transparency and accountability in governance has eroded public confidence in democratic processes.

     3. Economic challenges: Iraq’s economy has struggled due to various factors, including war, sanctions, and fluctuating oil prices. High unemployment rates, poverty, and inadequate public services have left many Iraqis feeling disillusioned with their government’s ability to deliver on the economic promises of democracy.

     4. Sectarianism and ethnic divisions: Sectarian and ethnic divisions have deeply degraded Iraq’s political landscape. The dominance of sectarian parties has often led to governance that prioritizes sectarian interests over national unity. These ethnic divisions have, in turn, fostered a sense of exclusion and marginalization among various groups.

     5. External influences: The involvement of external powers in Iraq’s internal affairs has also contributed to weakening its democratic institutions. Foreign interventions and influence have often exacerbated internal conflicts and undermined the sovereignty of the Iraqi state.

     6. Constitution: The 2005 Iraqi Constitution is considered one of the most comprehensive governing documents in the region. The federal government’s slow implementation of the constitution and neglect of its principles has disappointed Iraqis, who regard it as an umbrella for the inclusion of all its citizens.

Public perception and disillusionment

The factors mentioned above have collectively contributed to a growing disillusionment among the Iraqi populace. Surveys and reports indicate that many Iraqis have lost faith in democratic processes.

     1. Low voter turnout: Recent elections have seen lower voter turnout, reflecting widespread apathy and skepticism about the electoral process. Many Iraqis feel that their votes do not lead to meaningful change. 

     2. Protests and social movements: Iraq witnessed many protests and youth movements that demanded improved governance, transparency, and accountability but ended in the deaths of many people. These movements highlight the population’s frustration with the existing political system.

     3. Emigration: Many Iraqis, particularly the youth, are seeking opportunities abroad, disillusioned by the lack of prospects and stability in their home country. This brain drain further weakens the country’s potential for democratic and economic development.

The way forward

While the challenges are immense, the path forward for democracy in Iraq is not entirely bleak, and several measures can help restore faith in democratic processes.

     1. Strengthening institutions: Building robust and transparent institutions that can effectively deliver public services and uphold the rule of law is crucial. Key measures include judicial reform, anti-corruption measures, and the empowerment of independent regulatory bodies.

     2. Promoting inclusive governance: Addressing sectarian and ethnic divisions through inclusive governance representing all groups can foster a sense of national unity. Political reform that promotes power-sharing and equitable resource distribution is essential.

     3. Enhancing civic engagement: Encouraging civic engagement and political participation through education and awareness campaigns can help rebuild trust in the democratic process. Empowering civil society organizations and the media to hold the government accountable is also vital.

     4. Economic reforms: Implementing economic reform that creates jobs, reduces poverty, and improves public services can alleviate some economic grievances contributing to disillusionment. Diversifying the economy away from oil dependency is particularly important.

     5. Addressing security concerns: Ensuring security and stability is fundamental for any democracy. This security requires not only military and policing efforts, but also addressing the root causes of violence, such as political and social grievances.

     6. Clarity of the constitution: Addressing some articles and clarifying and amending others are crucial to serving the rights and unity of Iraqis, especially the judiciary’s powers, which have become a consideration above all.

Whether Iraqis have lost faith in democracy reflects a broader disillusionment with the current state of governance. While the challenges are significant, they are not insurmountable. By addressing the underlying issues of political instability, corruption, economic hardship, and social divisions, Iraq can work toward restoring faith in its democratic institutions. The journey toward a stable and functioning democracy is long and arduous. However, with concerted efforts and genuine reform, it remains a possibility for Iraq’s future.

Dr. Saman Shali is a Political and Economic Analyst based in the Kurdistan Region.